Understanding how firefighters navigate their protection areas is a topic few researchers have focused on. Building on a foundation of cognitive mapping, wayfinding and the standard operating procedures of the fire service, this study examines how firefighters form, access and utilize cognitive maps while performing duties of their job. Semi structured interviews and a brief questionnaire were administered to members of volunteer and career-based fire departments in the St. Louis Metro area. In addition, firefighting training materials were reviewed. Analysis and conclusions could be utilized to identify training gaps and improve response times for all emergency responders.